Research Proposal

Disorder Language Production in Aphonia Sufferer






Stela K Unonongo

Gorontalo State University

English Department

Disorder Language Production in Aphonia Sufferer

INTRODUCTION

1.    Background

Language is the most important tool in making an interaction. By cognitive process, human can produce language by imitation and also innate biological. But sometimes there are certain situations where the human run into error in produce language till difficult to speak and the words are expressed are not fluent. This situation often we meet when someone having problem in public speaking because it is considered difficult to control the feelings of nervous and scared.

Regarding to that phenomenon, in Psycholinguistic, Aphonia is known as a disease when someone loss of the power of speech. Speech disorder is the term of when there is a chaos in brain working for sequential phase till produce the unfilled language. In this case, Aphonia only experience speech disorder in uptight condition, while they can speak normally in normal situation, when they feel comfortable. Speech disorder often relate to worry and lack of confidence. It is thought that the disorders are the end result of a combination of genetic, psychology, and neurobiological.

Speech disorders can be caused by structural anomalies, neuromotor problems, developmental mislearnings, or a combination of these etiologies. (Marry Cresse) Aphonia can be caused by Physical conditions and Psychological conditions. This may involve injury, inflammation, or disease. Such as (1)Laryngitis caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, (2)Vocal abuse (yelling or talking excessively), (3) Exposure to airborne irritants, such as smoking or being exposed to air pollutants, (4) Acid reflux (eg, heartburn ), (5) Thickening of the vocal chords, (6) Nodules or polyps on the vocal chords, (7) Muscle tension dysphonia, (8) Damage to the nerves that affect how the larynx functions, (9) Laryngeal or thyroid cancer, (10) Removal of larynx due to cancer, (11) Breathing problems that affect the ability to speak, and (12) Neurological disorders

Based on the explanation above, the writer found there are mentally, psychology, and neurology aspect that can cause Aphonia. In order to make it clear about those relations, the writer want to observe the strong factors of Aphonia that always happen in public speaking and want to provide several simple ways to overcome the symptomatic of Aphonia.

  Research Problem

Problem outline:

• The Factors of Disorder language production in Aphonia sufferers
• A simple way to prevent Aphonia     

 Objective of the Study

   Regarding to problem statement above, the writer has 2 goals in this paper. The first one is analyze the factors of disorder language production in Aphonia Sufferers and the second to provide the simple ways to solve and prevent Aphonia.

 Previous of Study

In order to prove this study, the writer presents a previous study that deal with disorder language production. The journal was conducted by Barch, D & Berenbaum, H. (1996) with title “Language Production and Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia”. In their journal, the authors examined the relationship between language production and thought disorder. By interviewing the Schizophrenia, the authors make a discussion about the process of language production and thought disorder in patients with a possible diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Based on the previous study above, the writer wants to conduct the research regarding to that topic and make it clearer by completing the research with enclose the several ways to overcome the disease by on the causing.

Significant of Study

By providing the simple ways of overcoming the Aphonia symptoms, people are expected to pay attention to mental and psychological aspects that can bring the negative impact in public speaking. And also the writer hopes this research can helps people to brave speak in public without worrying the barriers.

Scope of the Study

As there are many factors that can cause Aphonia disease, so the writer makes a limitation in discussion by only focus to analyze several factors that regarding to Psychology and Neurology aspect.  

Limitation

In conducting the research, the writer did not observe Aphonia disease medically but only observing neurological aspect based on some experts that has discovered the disorder language production based on brain structure and function. In this case, the writer only provided 3 participants with a possible diagnosis of Aphonia.

        

THEORETICAL BASES

Language is a constituent who had obtained human to be able to communicate and convey the intent and desire someone that will create social interactions later in life. Kridalaksana (1983:45) states that language is a system of arbitrary sound symbol, used by social groups to cooperate, communicate and identify itself.

Every single human has the ability to produce the language in their brain. Just like Chomsky Explained (Alwasilah, 1993, p.131) "Man is in boon that enables them innate ability to create new sentences that have never even heard and uttered". But sometimes we also encounter the phenomenon where someone difficult to produce the language. In psychology, the phenomenon is known as Aphonia.

(C. Marry) describes Aphonia is a condition that involves complete or partial loss of your voice. You cannot speak or can only whisper. This is usually due to problems with the voice box (called the larynx). The condition is caused by psychology and physic factors that involve neurology aspect, how the brain works has an important role in producing language.

The term " Cerebol Palsied " refers to injury in the central part of the human brain system, which resulted in referral process and the separation from the brain to the borers nerves that drive the movement of the body becomes very weak even not functioning. (Mysak, 1990 : 499-500). Not only that, there are some parts of brain that play a role in producing language.

Methodology of Research

Method

           

            Methods are required in research in order to assist the collection of accurate data. The paper applies a descriptive method with a qualitative study approach. In selecting the sample, qualitative approach uses techniques that are not based on statistical formulas but rather on a subjective judgment based on research by the range and depth of the problems examined. By making an interview with Anophia sufferers, support this research to conduct the data accurately. The method was chosen because the researcher has a purpose to give a clear and depth analysis related to disorder speech which caused by Anophia as the main subject in this paper. 

Technique of Collecting Data

       Observation

            Based on some expert, as human being, we have the abilities to produce the language and able to express every single word on our brain. But it contrary to events on the ground, the writer found the phenomenon when some of people run into speech disorder. In normal condition they can speak fluently as usual but in constriction, such as speak in public, they tend to lack of abilities in produce and express the words.

Focus Group Interviewing

         By using 3 participants that considered could be the models of interview, the writer directs the  discussion by providing questions that have been previously designed.

 Narrative

         In addition, the writer also uses Narrative as an approach in conducting the data. In order to reveal more information, the authors collected data by exploring stories of people who have also experienced difficulty in public speaking.

Library

The library research was applied to help in conducting the data, collecting some data and information needed from the relevant books or other resources. By reading and comprehending the book that related to Psycholinguistic, the writer makes several notes about the process and factors that can cause speech disorder.

Internet

             In relation to the research world, internet has become a means to obtain the information or data stored on servers scattered around the world that can be accessed and read accurately, easily and free of charge by the visitors ( Sarwono, p.175). The writer uses Google as the most flexible search engine and subject guides and directories in finding the data based on subject category or topic.

References:

B. Rhergenhahn Matthew H. Olson. n.d. Paradigma Neuropsikologis(Donald O. Hebb).

Retrieved from http://kulpulan-materi.blogspot.com/2012/06/paradigma-neuropsikologis-donald-o-hebb.html

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. (1993). Linguistik Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Angkasa

Chaer, A. 2003. Psikolinguistik: Kajian Teoretik. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.

Sarwono, J. 2006. Metode penelitian Kuantitaif & Kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

Belajar berbicara didepan umum. Retrieved from http://arie5758.blogspot.com/2011/12/belajar-berbicara-presentasi-di-depan.html#ixzz28QbGnvYC

Aphonia. Retrieved from http://www.empowher.com/media/reference/aphonia


Barch, D & Berenbaum, H. 1996. Language Production and Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://ccpweb.wustl.edu/pdfs/1996JAbPsych81-88.pdf