Disorder Language Production in Aphonia Sufferer
Stela K Unonongo
Gorontalo State University
English Department
Disorder Language Production in Aphonia Sufferer
INTRODUCTION
1. Background
Language is the most important tool in making an
interaction. By cognitive process, human can produce language by imitation and
also innate biological. But sometimes there are certain situations where the
human run into error in produce language till difficult to speak and the words
are expressed are not fluent. This situation often we meet when someone having
problem in public speaking because it is considered difficult to control the
feelings of nervous and scared.
Regarding to that phenomenon, in Psycholinguistic, Aphonia
is known as a disease when someone loss of the power of speech. Speech disorder
is the term of when there is a chaos in brain working for sequential phase till
produce the unfilled language. In this case, Aphonia only experience speech
disorder in uptight condition, while they can speak normally in normal
situation, when they feel comfortable. Speech disorder often relate to worry
and lack of confidence. It is thought that the disorders are the end
result of a combination of genetic, psychology, and neurobiological.
Speech disorders can be caused by structural anomalies,
neuromotor problems, developmental mislearnings, or a combination of these
etiologies. (Marry Cresse) Aphonia can be caused by Physical conditions and
Psychological conditions. This may involve injury, inflammation, or disease.
Such as (1)Laryngitis caused by a viral, bacterial, or
fungal infection, (2)Vocal abuse (yelling or talking excessively), (3) Exposure
to airborne irritants, such as smoking or being exposed to air pollutants, (4)
Acid reflux (eg, heartburn ), (5) Thickening of the vocal chords,
(6) Nodules or polyps on the vocal chords, (7) Muscle tension dysphonia, (8) Damage to the nerves that affect
how the larynx functions, (9) Laryngeal or thyroid cancer, (10) Removal of larynx due to cancer, (11) Breathing
problems that affect the ability to speak, and (12) Neurological disorders
Based on the explanation above, the writer found there are
mentally, psychology, and neurology aspect that can cause Aphonia. In order to
make it clear about those relations, the writer want to observe the strong
factors of Aphonia that always happen in public speaking and want to provide
several simple ways to overcome the symptomatic of Aphonia.
Research Problem
Problem outline:
- The Factors of Disorder language
production in Aphonia sufferers
- A simple way to prevent
Aphonia
Objective of the Study
Regarding to problem statement above, the writer has 2 goals in this
paper. The first one is analyze the factors of disorder language production in
Aphonia Sufferers and the second to provide the simple ways to solve and
prevent Aphonia.
Previous of Study
In order to prove this study, the writer
presents a previous study that deal with disorder language production. The
journal was conducted by Barch, D & Berenbaum, H. (1996) with title
“Language Production and Thought Disorder
in Schizophrenia”. In their journal, the authors examined the relationship
between language production and thought disorder. By interviewing the
Schizophrenia, the authors make a discussion about the process of language
production and thought disorder in patients with a possible diagnosis of
schizophrenia.
Based on the previous study above, the writer wants to conduct the
research regarding to that topic and make it clearer by completing the research
with enclose the several ways to overcome the disease by on the causing.
Significant of Study
By providing the simple
ways of overcoming the Aphonia symptoms, people are expected to pay attention
to mental and psychological aspects that can bring the negative impact in
public speaking. And also the writer hopes this research can helps people to
brave speak in public without worrying the barriers.
Scope of the Study
As there are many factors that can cause Aphonia disease, so
the writer makes a limitation in discussion by only focus to analyze several
factors that regarding to Psychology and Neurology aspect.
Limitation
In conducting the research, the writer did not observe Aphonia
disease medically but only observing neurological aspect based on some experts
that has discovered the disorder language production based on brain structure
and function. In this case, the writer only provided 3 participants with a
possible diagnosis of Aphonia.
THEORETICAL BASES
Language is a constituent who
had obtained human
to be able to communicate and
convey the intent and desire someone that
will create social interactions
later in life. Kridalaksana (1983:45) states that language is a system of arbitrary sound
symbol, used by social
groups to cooperate, communicate and identify itself.
Every single human has the ability to produce the language
in their brain. Just like Chomsky Explained (Alwasilah, 1993, p.131) "Man
is in boon that enables them innate ability to create new sentences that have
never even heard and uttered". But sometimes we also encounter the
phenomenon where someone difficult to produce the language. In psychology, the
phenomenon is known as Aphonia.
(C. Marry) describes Aphonia is a condition that involves
complete or partial loss of your voice. You cannot speak or can only whisper.
This is usually due to problems with the voice box (called the larynx). The
condition is caused by psychology and physic factors that involve neurology
aspect, how the brain works has an important role in producing language.
The term " Cerebol Palsied " refers to injury in the central part of the human
brain system, which resulted in referral process and the separation from the
brain to the borers nerves that drive the movement of the body becomes very
weak even not functioning. (Mysak, 1990 : 499-500). Not only that, there are
some parts of brain that play a role in producing language.
Methodology of Research
Method
Methods
are required in research in order to assist the collection of accurate data. The
paper applies a descriptive method with a qualitative study approach. In
selecting the sample, qualitative approach uses techniques that are not based
on statistical formulas but rather on a subjective judgment based on research
by the range and depth of the problems examined. By making an interview with Anophia sufferers, support this
research to conduct the data accurately. The method was chosen because the
researcher has a purpose to give a clear and depth analysis related to disorder
speech which caused by Anophia as the main subject in this paper.
Technique of
Collecting Data
Observation
Based on some expert, as human
being, we have the abilities to produce the language and able to express every
single word on our brain. But it contrary to events on the ground, the writer
found the phenomenon when some of people run into speech disorder. In normal
condition they can speak fluently as usual but in constriction, such as speak
in public, they tend to lack of abilities in produce and express the words.
Focus Group Interviewing
By
using 3 participants that considered could be the models of interview, the
writer directs the discussion by providing questions that have been previously
designed.
Narrative
In
addition, the writer also uses Narrative as an approach in conducting the data.
In order to reveal more information, the authors collected data by exploring
stories of people who have also experienced difficulty in public speaking.
Library
The library research was
applied to help in conducting the data, collecting some data and information
needed from the relevant books or other resources. By reading and comprehending
the book that related to Psycholinguistic, the writer makes several notes about
the process and factors that can cause speech disorder.
Internet
In relation to the research world,
internet has become a means to obtain the information or data stored on servers
scattered around the world that can be accessed and read accurately, easily and
free of charge by the visitors ( Sarwono, p.175). The writer uses Google as the most flexible search
engine and subject guides and directories in finding the data based on
subject category or topic.
References:
B. Rhergenhahn Matthew H. Olson. n.d. Paradigma Neuropsikologis(Donald O. Hebb).
Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. (1993). Linguistik
Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Angkasa
Chaer, A. 2003. Psikolinguistik: Kajian Teoretik. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Sarwono, J. 2006. Metode penelitian Kuantitaif & Kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Graha
Ilmu
Aphonia. Retrieved from http://www.empowher.com/media/reference/aphonia
Barch, D & Berenbaum, H. 1996. Language Production and Thought Disorder in
Schizophrenia. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from
http://ccpweb.wustl.edu/pdfs/1996JAbPsych81-88.pdf
